Accountancy is the process of communicating financial information about a business entity to users such as shareholders and managers. The principles of accountancy are applied to business entities in three divisions of practical art, named accounting, bookkeeping, and auditing.
Accountancy is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) as "the profession or duties of an accountant".
Accounting is defined by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) as "the art of recording, classifying, and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of financial character, and interpreting the results thereof."
Accounting is thousands of years old; the earliest accounting records, which date back more than 7,000 years, were found in Mesopotamia (Assyrians). The people of that time relied on primitive accounting methods to record the growth of crops and herds. Accounting evolved, improving over the years and advancing as business advanced.

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Early accounts served mainly to assist the memory of the businessperson and the audience for the account was the proprietor or record keeper alone. Cruder forms of accounting were inadequate for the problems created by a business entity involving multiple investors, so double-entry bookkeeping first emerged in northern Italy in the 14th century, where trading ventures began to require more capital than a single individual was able to invest. The development of joint stock companies created wider audiences for accounts, as investors without firsthand knowledge of their operations relied on accounts to provide the requisite information. Today, accounting is called "the language of business" because it is the vehicle for reporting financial information about a business entity to many different groups of people. Accounting that concentrates on reporting to people inside the business entity is called management accounting and is used to provide information to employees, managers, owner-managers and auditors. Management accounting is concerned primarily with providing a basis for making management or operating decisions. Accounting that provides information to people outside the business entity is called financial accounting and provides information to present and potential shareholders, creditors such as banks or vendors, financial analysts, economists, and government agencies. Because these users have different needs, the presentation of financial accounts is very structured and subject to many more rules than management accounting. The body of rules that governs financial accounting is called Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP.

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Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek οἰκονομία (oikonomia, "management of a household, administration") from οἶκος (oikos, "house") + νόμος (nomos, "custom" or "law"), hence "rules of the house(hold)". A primary stimulus for the development of modern economics was the desire to use an empirical approach more akin to the physical sciences.

Economics aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact. Economic analysis is applied throughout society, in business, finance and government, but also in crime, education, the family, health, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war, and science. Common distinctions are drawn between various dimensions of economics. The primary textbook distinction is between microeconomics, which examines the behavior of basic elements in the economy, including individual markets and agents (such as consumers and firms, buyers and sellers), and macroeconomics, which addresses issues affecting an entire economy, including unemployment, inflation, economic growth, and monetary and fiscal policy. Other distinctions include: between positive economics (describing "what is") and normative economics (advocating "what ought to be"); between economic theory and applied economics; between mainstream economics (more "orthodox" dealing with the "rationality-individualism-equilibrium nexus") and heterodox economics (more "radical" dealing with the "institutions-history-social structure nexus"); and between rational and behavioral economics.
Microeconomics, like macroeconomics, is a fundamental method for analyzing the economy as a system. It treats households and firms interacting through individual markets as irreducible elements of the economy, given scarcity and government regulation. A market might be for a product, say fresh corn, or the services of a factor of production, say bricklaying. The theory considers aggregates of quantity demanded by buyers and quantity supplied by sellers at each possible price per unit. It weaves these together to describe how the market may reach equilibrium as to price and quantity or respond to market changes over time.
Such analysis includes the theory of supply and demand. It also examines market structures, such as perfect competition and monopoly for implications as to behavior and economic efficiency. Analysis of change in a single market often proceeds from the simplifying assumption that relations in other markets remain unchanged, that is, partial-equilibrium analysis. General-equilibrium theory allows for changes in different markets and aggregates across all markets, including their movements and interactions toward equilibrium.
Economy of a country is influenced by two aspects, one at the micro level and the other at the macro level. A business person should possess the inquisitiveness to understand the magnitude of economic activities occurring both at the micro and macro level and how it influences the behavior of the economy as a whole. Though he plays a small role at the micro level, the synergistic effects of hundreds of such activities boost up the economy to a higher level. Economists are concerned about the overall economic growth of a country that is a clear indication of thriving industrial activity and entrepreneurial development.
What are the fundamental concerns of macro economics?
Business cycles experience crests and troughs due to inflations and recessions. It is still an intriguing factor that unemployment reaches a record high even during times of expansion and production of goods and services fall down during cyclical downturn and millions of people lose their job. If macro economics can find the right solution to these problem situations, better will be the prospects of many people's lives and fortunes.
Monetary and fiscal policies should be formulated in such a way to reduce the severity of business cycles. Monetary policies serve the purpose of stabilizing the prices by managing the expansion and contraction of the volume of money in circulation by the central bank or Federal Reserve, to achieve certain objectives like full employment and stability of exchange rates.
Fiscal policy is associated with the government's stand regarding public revenue, public expenditure and public debt. It strives to reduce inequalities in income and wealth and develop a socially optimum pattern of investment. The investment pattern varies from country to country and it depends on the core economic wealth available in the form of resources and feasibility of such investment. Say, developing countries like India has its concentration of activity centered on telecommunication, power generation through alternate fuel resources and information technology.
Taxation brings economic stability. During inflation, an increase in tax rates will reduce the purchasing power of people thereby reducing the prices in the economy. A reduction in tax rates during depression will stimulate economic investment and consumption.
Can mere introduction of generous subsidies and changes in industrial policies bring desired growth in the economy? A nation should aim to increase its productive potential by providing necessary ingredients of growth in the form of solid infrastructure.

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There is no properly laid template for the unending problems of unemployment and inflation. Economists of each nation have to carefully study the previous patterns of business cycles and at the same time find ways to improve the living standards of people by increasing the per capita income, thus increasing the national income.
Back when the internet was new, online selling sites were used exclusively for old and unwanted things that needed a place to go. However, over the years sites like eBay have evolved into a more complex network, full of opportunities. If you were to go onto eBay during the holiday season, you would find a ton of brand new items up for sale priced higher than retail. Are the people bidding on the items crazy? No these sellers know how to use economics to their advantage.

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