Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek οἰκονομία (oikonomia, "management of a household, administration") from οἶκος (oikos, "house") + νόμος (nomos, "custom" or "law"), hence "rules of the house(hold)". A primary stimulus for the development of modern economics was the desire to use an empirical approach more akin to the physical sciences.
Economics aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact. Economic analysis is applied throughout society, in business, finance and government, but also in crime, education, the family, health, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war, and science. Common distinctions are drawn between various dimensions of economics. The primary textbook distinction is between microeconomics, which examines the behavior of basic elements in the economy, including individual markets and agents (such as consumers and firms, buyers and sellers), and macroeconomics, which addresses issues affecting an entire economy, including unemployment, inflation, economic growth, and monetary and fiscal policy. Other distinctions include: between positive economics (describing "what is") and normative economics (advocating "what ought to be"); between economic theory and applied economics; between mainstream economics (more "orthodox" dealing with the "rationality-individualism-equilibrium nexus") and heterodox economics (more "radical" dealing with the "institutions-history-social structure nexus"); and between rational and behavioral economics.
Microeconomics, like macroeconomics, is a fundamental method for analyzing the economy as a system. It treats households and firms interacting through individual markets as irreducible elements of the economy, given scarcity and government regulation. A market might be for a product, say fresh corn, or the services of a factor of production, say bricklaying. The theory considers aggregates of quantity demanded by buyers and quantity supplied by sellers at each possible price per unit. It weaves these together to describe how the market may reach equilibrium as to price and quantity or respond to market changes over time.
Such analysis includes the theory of supply and demand. It also examines market structures, such as perfect competition and monopoly for implications as to behavior and economic efficiency. Analysis of change in a single market often proceeds from the simplifying assumption that relations in other markets remain unchanged, that is, partial-equilibrium analysis. General-equilibrium theory allows for changes in different markets and aggregates across all markets, including their movements and interactions toward equilibrium.
Economy of a country is influenced by two aspects, one at the micro level and the other at the macro level. A business person should possess the inquisitiveness to understand the magnitude of economic activities occurring both at the micro and macro level and how it influences the behavior of the economy as a whole. Though he plays a small role at the micro level, the synergistic effects of hundreds of such activities boost up the economy to a higher level. Economists are concerned about the overall economic growth of a country that is a clear indication of thriving industrial activity and entrepreneurial development.
What are the fundamental concerns of macro economics?
Business cycles experience crests and troughs due to inflations and recessions. It is still an intriguing factor that unemployment reaches a record high even during times of expansion and production of goods and services fall down during cyclical downturn and millions of people lose their job. If macro economics can find the right solution to these problem situations, better will be the prospects of many people's lives and fortunes.
Monetary and fiscal policies should be formulated in such a way to reduce the severity of business cycles. Monetary policies serve the purpose of stabilizing the prices by managing the expansion and contraction of the volume of money in circulation by the central bank or Federal Reserve, to achieve certain objectives like full employment and stability of exchange rates.
Fiscal policy is associated with the government's stand regarding public revenue, public expenditure and public debt. It strives to reduce inequalities in income and wealth and develop a socially optimum pattern of investment. The investment pattern varies from country to country and it depends on the core economic wealth available in the form of resources and feasibility of such investment. Say, developing countries like India has its concentration of activity centered on telecommunication, power generation through alternate fuel resources and information technology.
Taxation brings economic stability. During inflation, an increase in tax rates will reduce the purchasing power of people thereby reducing the prices in the economy. A reduction in tax rates during depression will stimulate economic investment and consumption.
Can mere introduction of generous subsidies and changes in industrial policies bring desired growth in the economy? A nation should aim to increase its productive potential by providing necessary ingredients of growth in the form of solid infrastructure.
We are very grateful for your visit on this blog, please you may download the files you need here and of course free and is very important!
Download Theory of Basics Economics
There is no properly laid template for the unending problems of unemployment and inflation. Economists of each nation have to carefully study the previous patterns of business cycles and at the same time find ways to improve the living standards of people by increasing the per capita income, thus increasing the national income.
Back when the internet was new, online selling sites were used exclusively for old and unwanted things that needed a place to go. However, over the years sites like eBay have evolved into a more complex network, full of opportunities. If you were to go onto eBay during the holiday season, you would find a ton of brand new items up for sale priced higher than retail. Are the people bidding on the items crazy? No these sellers know how to use economics to their advantage.
Economics aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact. Economic analysis is applied throughout society, in business, finance and government, but also in crime, education, the family, health, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war, and science. Common distinctions are drawn between various dimensions of economics. The primary textbook distinction is between microeconomics, which examines the behavior of basic elements in the economy, including individual markets and agents (such as consumers and firms, buyers and sellers), and macroeconomics, which addresses issues affecting an entire economy, including unemployment, inflation, economic growth, and monetary and fiscal policy. Other distinctions include: between positive economics (describing "what is") and normative economics (advocating "what ought to be"); between economic theory and applied economics; between mainstream economics (more "orthodox" dealing with the "rationality-individualism-equilibrium nexus") and heterodox economics (more "radical" dealing with the "institutions-history-social structure nexus"); and between rational and behavioral economics.
Microeconomics, like macroeconomics, is a fundamental method for analyzing the economy as a system. It treats households and firms interacting through individual markets as irreducible elements of the economy, given scarcity and government regulation. A market might be for a product, say fresh corn, or the services of a factor of production, say bricklaying. The theory considers aggregates of quantity demanded by buyers and quantity supplied by sellers at each possible price per unit. It weaves these together to describe how the market may reach equilibrium as to price and quantity or respond to market changes over time.
Such analysis includes the theory of supply and demand. It also examines market structures, such as perfect competition and monopoly for implications as to behavior and economic efficiency. Analysis of change in a single market often proceeds from the simplifying assumption that relations in other markets remain unchanged, that is, partial-equilibrium analysis. General-equilibrium theory allows for changes in different markets and aggregates across all markets, including their movements and interactions toward equilibrium.
Economy of a country is influenced by two aspects, one at the micro level and the other at the macro level. A business person should possess the inquisitiveness to understand the magnitude of economic activities occurring both at the micro and macro level and how it influences the behavior of the economy as a whole. Though he plays a small role at the micro level, the synergistic effects of hundreds of such activities boost up the economy to a higher level. Economists are concerned about the overall economic growth of a country that is a clear indication of thriving industrial activity and entrepreneurial development.
What are the fundamental concerns of macro economics?
Business cycles experience crests and troughs due to inflations and recessions. It is still an intriguing factor that unemployment reaches a record high even during times of expansion and production of goods and services fall down during cyclical downturn and millions of people lose their job. If macro economics can find the right solution to these problem situations, better will be the prospects of many people's lives and fortunes.
Monetary and fiscal policies should be formulated in such a way to reduce the severity of business cycles. Monetary policies serve the purpose of stabilizing the prices by managing the expansion and contraction of the volume of money in circulation by the central bank or Federal Reserve, to achieve certain objectives like full employment and stability of exchange rates.
Fiscal policy is associated with the government's stand regarding public revenue, public expenditure and public debt. It strives to reduce inequalities in income and wealth and develop a socially optimum pattern of investment. The investment pattern varies from country to country and it depends on the core economic wealth available in the form of resources and feasibility of such investment. Say, developing countries like India has its concentration of activity centered on telecommunication, power generation through alternate fuel resources and information technology.
Taxation brings economic stability. During inflation, an increase in tax rates will reduce the purchasing power of people thereby reducing the prices in the economy. A reduction in tax rates during depression will stimulate economic investment and consumption.
Can mere introduction of generous subsidies and changes in industrial policies bring desired growth in the economy? A nation should aim to increase its productive potential by providing necessary ingredients of growth in the form of solid infrastructure.
We are very grateful for your visit on this blog, please you may download the files you need here and of course free and is very important!
Download Theory of Economics for UN Exam
Download Theory of Basics Economics
There is no properly laid template for the unending problems of unemployment and inflation. Economists of each nation have to carefully study the previous patterns of business cycles and at the same time find ways to improve the living standards of people by increasing the per capita income, thus increasing the national income.
Back when the internet was new, online selling sites were used exclusively for old and unwanted things that needed a place to go. However, over the years sites like eBay have evolved into a more complex network, full of opportunities. If you were to go onto eBay during the holiday season, you would find a ton of brand new items up for sale priced higher than retail. Are the people bidding on the items crazy? No these sellers know how to use economics to their advantage.
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economics lecture notes and parsed questions
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